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中非可持续发展研讨会 - 主题报告 10
发布时间：2008-11-12
ECHANGE SINO-AFRICAIN EXCHANGE ON URBAIN Sustainable DEVELOPMENT
COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION
From the renovation of old capitals to the creation of new West African cities:
Ecological Aspects – Senegal case.
Introduction
The cities change and transform the world.
Urbanization in West Africa is irreversible and is characterized by the macrocephaly.
q Urban challenges :
ü Urban explosion;
ü Little controlled urban planning;
ü Cohabitation of principal urban functions ;
ü Fragile urban ecosystems : urban location and landscape;
ü Dual urban governance: Central and Municipal.
Introduction (continuation)
Facing these challenges and continuously increasing urban challenges, West African countries choose the policy of territory planning, which is centered on:
Ø Increase of massive investment in the old capital cities;
Ø Reinforcement of regional cities;
Ø Creation of new political and administrative capitals. Therefore, the old capital cities will get rid of political and administrative functions for the sake of new capitals.
The Capital Cities: National Challenges
The capital cities offer more attractive living surroundings. Due to the irruption of modernity, there exist many attractions:
ü Importance of socio-economic infrastructures ;
ü Concentration of employment ;
ü Urban convenience: more agreeable living surroundings;
ü High urbanization rate: 4 to 6% average per year.
The Capital Cities: National Challenges (continuation)
The complexity of urbanization shows that most capital cities show some crisis :
Ø Land crisis : space-consuming city;
Ø Crisis of lacking equipments: Urban public investments below the needs: water, electricity, cleaning up, transportation, road infrastructures, etc.
Ø Crisis of the cohabitation of urban functions : political, administrative, economic, port, university and industrial functions;
Ø Environmental and ecological crisis : occupation of the fragile spaces , waste, pollution, flood ;
Ø Crisis of governance: absence of urban authority.
Search for urban control
Ø Control and organize the mastery of urban growth?
Ø Improve the environment and the quality of urban space? ;
Ø Establishment of a dialogue with the partners on the urban innovation and sustainable programs?
Search for urban control (continuation)
Ø Increase of investment in the capital cities : Dakar – Abidjan – Lagos etc.;
Ø Diversification of the investment in regional capitals : turning festivity;
Ø Creation of new cities : political and administrative capitals;
City of Cotonou
Search for urban control (continuation)
Examples of new cities
Ø Senegal : DAKAR et LOMPOUL : Initial consideration since 2002
– Feasibility Stage
Ø Ivory Coast : ABIDJAN and YAMOUSSOUKRO : Late 70’s
– Under accomplishment;
Ø Nigeria : LAGOS and ABUJA : Middle 70’s;
Ø Togo : LOME and LAMA KARA : Late 70’s;
Ø Burkina-Faso: OUAGADOUGOU and OUGA 2000.
Search for urban control (continuation)
Environmental aspects taken into account
Ø Site conducive to urbanization ;
Ø Anticipated spatial planning;
Ø The living surroundings which contribute to bring the talents into play;
Ø Controlled operation of solid and liquid waste;
Ø Excellent urban infrastructure;
Ø Limited urban Functions : political, administrative and university
Senegal case: DAKAR and LOMPOUL
Figures of DAKAR and CONGESTION
80 % of civil servants (central administration);
75 % of economic and administrative activities;
80 % of university personnel;
80 % of industrial units;
Atrophied urban mobility;
Bad cohabitation: Polluting and dangerous industries with residential area;
This high-level concentration, aggravated by the site configuration, brings about some permanent urban congestion which has a negative impact on national economic development: Estimated loss of more than 1 thousand million FCFA / year.
Senegal case: DAKAR and LOMPOUL
PROSPECTS OF DAKAR
OPPORTUNITES: OCI - urban mobility
q Road infrastructures of remarkable traffic capacity;
q Excellent tourist infrastructures;
q Coherent urban mobility program;
q Impressive urban transformation during recent 5 years
Policy of territory planning,
The basic directions
Reduce the high-level congestion in Dakar area;
Promote new regional urban poles;
Create a new capital city: LOMPOUL;
Policy of territory planning
New capital: LOMPOUL
LOMPOUL: located on the Atlantic coast
120 Km northeast of Dakar;
80 Km north of the future airport of Diass;
95 Km from Diamniadio - 185 Km from Fatick - 475 Km from Ziguinchor;
550 Km from Matam - 150 Km south of Saint Louis.
Seaside site and land availability;
Beautiful natural site - Climate advantage
Availability of potable water resources
New capital: LOMPOUL (Continuation)
LOMPOUL: Planning Options
Green city: Excellent greenery and urban forest
Intelligent city: Intelligent constructions and technopolis – creation and innovation
Lively city: Culture, Theater and Congress
Attractive city: Tourism, commerce and dealing
LOMPOUL: Hope or Uncertainty
Progress Standard
ü Delimitation of the site;
ü Study before the planning project;
ü Study of technical and financial feasibility
ü Slippery transfer planning: 2005 - ??;
ü Financing research.
ABIDJAN and YAMOUSSOUKRO (Ivory Coast)
Capital of Ivory Coast
Dominant urban functions:
ü Green city
ü University city and technopoles
ü Religious city
ü Tourist city
ü Administrative and Political city
Infrastructure – Technopolis – Greenery
Religious infrastructure – Tourist Equipment – Road net of good capacities
Conclusion
The West African cities constitute the urban realities and the political authorities’ preoccupations as well. The challenges of urbanization emerge:
ü Insufficient investment in relation to the needs;
ü Urban services to be improved : water, electricity and public health;
ü Ecologically fragile urban sites;
ü Insufficiency of qualified personnel;
ü Dual situation: legal land regular rules, popular practice;
ü Insufficiency of financial resource facing the requirements of urban management ;
ü Excessive centralization of the management;
Conclusion (Continuation)
The West African metropolises constitute the lively and dynamic urban realities. The urban sustainable development approach endeavors to create some safe, productive and livable cities which are beneficial to all including the poor. The context of the creation is characterized by:
The globalization (creation of competitive infrastructures;
and the decentralization (responsibilities accompanied with delegation of authority and resources);
Conclusion (Continuation)
The financing of the urban sustainable development in Africa cannot be done without the international cooperation (bilateral or multilateral) and the cooperation between the cities of different countries or continents.
The Sino-African cooperation plays an important role in the process of African urban sustainable development through dialogue and constructive、innovating partnership , which benefits more than 60% of the population living in the cities.
Thanks for your attention.
中非城市可持续发展交流
报告发言
从西非老首都的革新到西非新城市的建立
生态领域—塞内加尔案例
引子
城市改变并革新世界
西非城市化现象是大势所趋，不可逆转，其特点是巨大化。
城市发展的挑战：
城市激增
城市规划很不合理
城市各主要职能集聚
城市生态系统脆弱：城市的位置与格局
双头城市管理：中央政府与市政府
面对与日俱增的城市发展的挑战，西非国家选择采取了领土整治政策，主要围绕以下几方面：
在老首都加强大批投资
加强地区级城市的地位
设立新的政治行政首都。这样，老首都就可将原来的政治行政职能转移给新首都。
首都城市：国家的挑战与关键
首都城市的生活环境更为吸引人。吸引力源于现代化的迅猛进程，其因素有多方面：
社会经济基础的重要性
就业集中
城市生活舒适：生活环境更为惬意
城市化比率高：年平均4-6%的速度
城市化现象的复杂性表明大部分首都城市都体现了一些危机症状：
土地危机：城市耗费空间
工业配备落后危机：城市公共投资未能满足需求：水、电、卫生、交通、道路基础设施等。
城市职能集聚危机：政治、行政、经济、港口运输、高等教育、工业。
环境与生态危机：占用城市脆弱空间地带、废弃物、污染、洪水。
管理危机：城市权力机关不作为
对城市管理的探索：
协调好城市的控制与发展？
改善城市的环境和空间质量？
就城市革新与可持续发展项目计划与相关合作方进行对话磋商？
在各首都加强大批投资：达喀尔-阿比让-拉各斯等
在地区首府城市进行多元化投资：巡回节日
创建新的城市：政治与行政首都
新城市的代表
塞内加尔：达喀尔和隆普勒：从2002年起开始思考-可行性阶段
科特迪瓦：阿比让和亚穆苏克罗：70年代末 –正在落实
尼日利亚：拉各斯和阿布贾：70年代中期
多哥：洛美和拉马卡拉：70年代末
布基纳法索：瓦加杜古和乌加 2000年
考量环境方面：
有利于城市规划的选址
预期空间规划
更能让人施展才华的生活环境
固体、液体废弃物的管理
高质量的城市基础设施
限定的城市职能：政治、行政和高等教育
塞内加尔案例：达喀尔和隆普勒
达喀尔的相关数据和壅塞
80%国家公务员（中央行政部门）
75%的经济和行政活动
80%大学的编制人员
80%工业部门
城市流动性萎缩
糟糕的布局：污染环境且危险的工业与居民区在一起
这一由地区布局不合理进一步加重的高度集中导致了城市持续性的壅塞，这也给国家的经济发展带来了负面效应：每年预计损失超过10亿西非法郎。
达喀尔的未来前景
机遇：伊斯兰会议组织（OCI）- 城市流动性
很强交通承载力的公路基础设施
高质量的旅游基础设施
城市流动性协调的项目
最近5年有显著的城市变革
领土整治政策
大体目标
降低达喀尔城市高度集聚壅塞的程度
发展新的地区城市中心
建立新的首都城市：隆普勒
新首都：隆普勒
隆普勒：位于大西洋沿岸，距离达喀尔东北120公里
离将来的Diass机场以北80公里
离Diamniadio95公里，Fatick185公里，Ziguinchor 475公里，Matam550公里，Saint Louis以南150公里。
拥有海水浴场，土地可供使用；
自然景色优美——气候是关键因素
饮用水资源可供使用
隆普勒：规划选择
绿色城市：优质的绿色广场和城市森林
智能化城市：智能化建筑大楼和高科技园区-设计与创新
活力城市：文化、戏剧和会议
具有吸引力的城市：旅游、商业。
隆普勒：希望抑或是不确定
进展程度
位置界定
整治项目之前的研究
技术与财政可行性研究
转移规划：2005-??
融资研究
阿比让和亚穆苏克罗（科特迪瓦）
科特迪瓦首都
城市主要职能：
绿色城市
高等教育与高科技城市
宗教城市
旅游城市
行政与政治城市
亚穆苏克罗相关图片
宗教设施-旅游业相关配备-强承载力的道路
结论
西非各国首都城市既是城市化的体现也是为政要们所关心。城市化所要接受的挑战：
投资不能满足需求
有待提高的城市公用事业：水、电、卫生检疫
生态脆弱的城市区域
有资质的人员不足
法定的界限规定与民间的实践并存
城市管理所需的资金不足
管理过分集中化
西非国家大都市是城市鲜活的动态现象。采取城市可持续发展的行动旨在建立一些多产、适宜居住并且对于所有人包括穷人都有利的城市，这些城市建立的大环境是：
全球化（建设有竞争力的基础设施）和中央权力下放地方（由权力当局和相关人员组成的代表团共为负责人）
非洲城市可持续发展的融资不能离开国际合作（双边和多边）和各国或各大洲城市之间的合作。
在非洲城市可持续发展的进程中，中非双方的合作通过对话和有利于超过城市总人口60%的建设性创新合作关系起到了重要作用。
我感谢大家听取我的发言。
